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Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Synthetic Toolbox
Amidation
Amidation Quiz
Amidation Quiz
Which acylation method does the pharmaceutical industry most frequently use to generate amide bonds?
(Required)
Acid chlorides
Carbonyl diimidazole
Mixed carbonic anhydrides
Coupling reagents
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Route Selection
Recap of the SELECT Criteria
Issues on a Small Scale
Application to API Synthesis
Route Selection: Summary and Further Reading
Route Selection Quiz
Base metal Catalysis
Application of Base Metal Catalysts
Use in the Pharmaceutical Industry
CHEM21 case study: Base Metal Catalysed C-H Amination
Base Metal Catalysis: Summary and Further Reading
Base Metal Catalysis Quiz
Biocatalysis
Introduction to Enzyme Catalysis and Biocatalytic Retrosynthesis
Enzymes from a Retrosynthetic Perspective
Biocatalysis: Case Studies
Biocatalysis: Study Exercises
Biocatalysis: Summary and Further Reading
Biocatalysis Quiz
Multicomponent Reactions
CHEM21 Case Study: Multicomponent Synthesis of Isothioureas
CHEM21 Case Study: One Pot Synthesis of N-substituted β-amino Alcohols
API Case Study: Praziquantel
Multicomponent Reactions: Summary and Further Reading
Multicomponent Reactions Quiz
C-H Activation
CHEM21 Case Study: Copper Mediated C-H Activation for the Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines
C-H Activation: Summary and Further Reading
C-H Activation Quiz
Carbonylation
CHEM21 Case Study: Carbonylative α-Arylation of β Ketonitriles
Carbonylation: Summary
Carbonylation Quiz
C-F Bond Formation
Fluorinating agents
CHEM21 Case Study: Synthesis of 2-fluoromalonate Esters Via Selective Direct Fluorination
C-F Bond Formation: Summary and Further Reading
C-F Bond Formation Quiz
Flow Chemistry
Flask, Pipe, CSTR
Catalysis
Challenges
CHEM21 Case Study: Formation of N-chloramines in Flow
Flow Chemistry: Summary and Further Reading
Flow Chemistry Quiz
Amidation
Condensation
Synthetic Methods
CHEM21 Case Study: Catalytic Bio-Chemo Amide Bond Formation
CHEM21 Case Study: Synthesis of Secondary Amides from N-Substituted Amidines
Amidation: Summary and Further Reading
Amidation Quiz
Synthetic Biology
What is synthetic biology?
Benefits of Biosynthetic Approaches
Applications
CHEM21 Case Study: Formal Stereoselective C-H Amination
CHEM21 Case Study: Asymmetric Dihydroxylation
Synthetic Biology: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Biology Quiz
CHEM21 Publications