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Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Life Cycle Impacts and Environmental Fate of Pharmaceuticals
Benign by Design
Benign by Design Quiz
Benign by Design Quiz
"
*
" indicates required fields
A practical approach to minimizing the likelihood of persistence in an API would be to
*
Choose functional groups that are unlikely to biologically degrade
Use enzymes rather than chemical reagents in synthetic steps
Conduct early screening of APIs in manufacture to pre-empt problems
Increase the photosensitivity of molecules to natural sunlight
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Examining the Life Cycle
Drivers Towards Whole-process Thinking
Challenges in Effecting Change
LCA Examples
Primary Manufacturing
Secondary Manufacturing
Packaging
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment (PIE)
Appendix: Carbon Footprinting Assumptions
Examining the Life Cycle: Quiz
Examining the Life Cycle: Summary and Further Reading
The Fate of APIs
Routes into the Environment
Areas of Concern
Adsorption and Decomposition Pathways
Specific Examples of the Fate of APIs
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
The Fate of APIs: Quiz
The Fate of APIs: Summary and Further Reading
Benign by Design
Scope for Biodegradable API Molecules
Reducing Likelihood of Persistence
Groups Likely to Give Rise to PBT Properties
Predictive Tools
Benign by Design Quiz
Benign by Design: Summary and Further Reading
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading