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Solvents
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Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Life Cycle Impacts and Environmental Fate of Pharmaceuticals
The Fate of APIs
The Fate of APIs: Quiz
The Fate of APIs: Quiz
"
*
" indicates required fields
Why has there been an increased focus on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment (PIE) in recent years?
*
Availability of new funding to study this issue
Risk of overdosing from APIs in tap water
More sensitive analytical methods enable detection of previously undetected pharmaceutical residues
APIs are stable and do not break down in the environment
The three main decomposition routes for APIs in the environment are
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Persistence, bioavailability, toxicity
Vapor pressure, bioaccumulation, toxicity
Persistence, boiling point, decomposition temperature
Persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity
What three criteria are used to determine the environmental hazards of a molecule?
*
More sensitive analytical methods enable detection of previously undetected pharmaceutical residues
Risk of overdosing from APIs in tap water
APIs are stable and do not break down in the environment
Availability of new funding to study this issue
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Examining the Life Cycle
Drivers Towards Whole-process Thinking
Challenges in Effecting Change
LCA Examples
Primary Manufacturing
Secondary Manufacturing
Packaging
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment (PIE)
Appendix: Carbon Footprinting Assumptions
Examining the Life Cycle: Quiz
Examining the Life Cycle: Summary and Further Reading
The Fate of APIs
Routes into the Environment
Areas of Concern
Adsorption and Decomposition Pathways
Specific Examples of the Fate of APIs
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
The Fate of APIs: Quiz
The Fate of APIs: Summary and Further Reading
Benign by Design
Scope for Biodegradable API Molecules
Reducing Likelihood of Persistence
Groups Likely to Give Rise to PBT Properties
Predictive Tools
Benign by Design Quiz
Benign by Design: Summary and Further Reading
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading