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Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
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Home
Foundation
Background to Green Chemistry
Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Critical Elements
Renewable Resources
Solvents
Guides and Metrics
Solvent Selection Guides
Reagent Guides
Metrics
Solvents
Use of Solvents
Issues Surrounding Solvent Use
Solvent Guides
Solvent Recovery
Alternative Solvents
Telescoping
Solvents: Quiz
Solvents: Study Exercises
Solvents: Summary and Further Reading
Synthetic Toolbox
Route Selection
Base metal Catalysis
Biocatalysis
Multicomponent Reactions
C-H Activation
Carbonylation
C-F Bond Formation
Flow Chemistry
Amidation
Synthetic Biology
CHEM21 Publications
Process Design
Route Selection
GMP
Introduction to Process Engineering
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Process Safety
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Design of Experiments
Environmental Legislation
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Life Cycle Impacts
Examining the Life Cycle
The Fate of APIs
Benign by Design
Life Cycle Impacts: Summary and Further Reading
About
Contact
Home
Process Design
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation: Quiz
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation: Quiz
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*
" indicates required fields
Which of the following statements about Liquid-Liquid extraction are true?
*
It can be made greener by using an organic phase for the reaction then washing with water rather than the other way around.
It is a relatively efficient and non-energy intensive technique.
Very effective at separating out organic and inorganic species.
It often requires large amounts of solvent due to the need for multiple extractions.
The layer not containing the product is typically not further utilised and hence generates multi-component waste streams.
Some of the most effective solvents are dipolar aprotics such as NMP, DMF and DMAc which may well be restricted under REACH in the EU.
Which of the following statements about the isolation of products as solids are true?
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Very effective way to purge impurities.
The use of heating/cooling and anti-solvents can be effective means of tuning conditions to isolate the desired product.
Anti-solvents always need to be used to induce solid formation.
Solvent swapping to get to the correct solvent(s) for crystallisation can be very resource intensive.
Only effective if solids can be forced to precipitate or crystallise.
Anti-solvents lower volume productivity of a crystallisation process.
Which of the following statements about distillation are true?
*
Enables easy recycling of solvents.
No additional solvents are required.
Fractionation allows good separation of mixtures.
Can work on any substrate
High temperatures are always required.
Usage of very high/low boiling point solvents can be very energy intensive - heating and cryogenic cooling.
Unsuitable for high MW starting materials.
Which of the following statements about filtration and drying are true?
*
Filtration offers an easy means to separate solids and liquids.
Filtration offers an easy means of purification.
Drying is not always necessary if the intermediate is then being used in a downstream reaction in the same or a compatible solvent.
In certain cases, drying can be very intensive in terms of both time and energy.
High b.p. solvents can be very difficult to remove.
Which of the following statements about chromatography are true?
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Wide range of parameters like stationary phase/ solvents to tune allows for good separation of many mixtures.
Can be the best available technology for many low volume/high value materials.
Offers a very rapid means of separation.
Typically requires very high volumes of solvent.
Without solvent recycle, often gives the worst sustainability metrics out of all work-up procedures.
Requires a lot of manpower.
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Route Selection
Recap of the SELECT Criteria
Application to API Synthesis
Route Selection: Self-assessment Question
Route Selection: Summary and Further Reading
GMP
GMP in the Pharmaceutical Industry
GMP: Self-assessment Questions
GMP: Summary and Further Reading
Introduction to Process Engineering
Why can’t we scale up directly?
Problems that can Occur During Scale-up of Catalytic Reactions: Part 1
Problems that can Occur During Scale-up of Catalytic Reactions: Part 2
Process Economics
Introduction to Process Engineering: Self-assessment question
Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
Route Selection and Scale Up: Worksheets
Process Safety
Screening Experiments
Scaling Up
Reaction Calorimetry
Process Safety: Quiz
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Worksheets
Further Analysis of the T2 Incident & Recommended Reading
Design of Experiments
Some Definitions
The Experimental Design Process
Comparing Traditional Approaches to Experimental Design
Examples of Variables and Responses for a Chemical Process
Main Effects and Interactions
Experimental Designs: Factorial Designs
Experimental Designs: Response Surface Design
Design of Experiments: Summary and Further Reading
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
Reaction vs DSP Examples
Work-up and Isolation Techniques
Telescoping
Example of Improved Work-up Process
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation: Quiz
Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation: Summary and Further Reading
Environmental Legislation
Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
Water Framework Directive (WFD)
Solvent Emissions Directive (SED)
Montreal Protocol
REACH
Non-governmental Organizations
Abatement and Waste Treatment
Why do we need abatement and waste disposal?
Air Emissions
Liquid Emissions
Solid Emissions
Abatement and Waste Treatment: Quiz
Abatement and Waste Treatment: Summary and Further Reading