Water Framework Directive (WFD)
The WFD seeks to constantly improve the quality of inland and coastal waters by severely restricting compounds that are persistent, bioaccumulative or are ecotoxic such as dichloromethane (priority substances) or totally phasing out (by 2025) compounds like mercury (priority hazardous substances).
Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) are limits that are set for priority substances in receiving waters. Most priority substances are either metals, pesticides or fire retardants. For the pharmaceutical industry, chlorinated materials/solvents like dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride are probably most relevant.
Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for dichloromethane has been set to 20μg litre-1. Any discharge contributing >1% of this level is likely to be scrutinised by the regulatory agency, hence the remediation of aqueous waste streams contaminated with dichloromethane will be difficult and costly.
The WFD underwent a so-called “fitness check” in 2019 and whilst it was seen to be fit for purpose, one of the areas for improvement was prevention of chemical pollution. As a result of this, the EU released a Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability plan in 2020 which aims to combat chemical pollution and push Europe towards a toxic-free environment.
- Route Selection
- GMP
- Introduction to Process Engineering
- Route Selection and Scale Up: Case Study and Exercise
- Process Safety
- Reactive Hazards in Scaling Up: Case Study and Exercise
- Design of Experiments
- Some Definitions
- The Experimental Design Process
- Comparing Traditional Approaches to Experimental Design
- Examples of Variables and Responses for a Chemical Process
- Main Effects and Interactions
- Experimental Designs: Factorial Designs
- Experimental Designs: Response Surface Design
- Design of Experiments: Summary and Further Reading
- Reaction Work-up and Product Isolation
- Environmental Legislation
- Abatement and Waste Treatment